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Control and regulation         central research topics A Systemic Perspective on the Subject Matter    A ‘systemic perspective’ was beginning to permeate the natural and social sciences. This perspective called attention to ‘holism’ in two senses. The first sense involved addressing an individual system as a whole and not merely the aggregate of its constituents. The second [...]

ybernetics and Systems Science (also: "(General) Systems Theory" or "Systems Research") constitute a somewhat fuzzily defined academic domain, that touches virtually all traditional disciplines, from mathematics, technology and biology to philosophy and the social sciences. It is more specifically related to the recently developing "sciences of complexity", including AI, neural networks, dynamical systems, chaos, and [...]

CYBERNETICS: A Definition [In 1990 Heinz von Foerster was approached by Macmillan to compose an entry for their 1991 Macmillan Encyclopedia of Computers. Von Foerster recommended them to me and I composed the following text and incorporated a figure that I had created for an earlier purpose. My original text follows, which was published in a [...]